In November, A Second Admonition to Parliament was publishedmost likely authored by Thomas Cartwright or Christopher Goodmanwhich presented a more detailed proposal for church reform along presbyterian lines. Afterwards, executions of Catholic priests became more common, and in 1585, it became treason for a Catholic priest to enter the country, as well as for anyone to aid or shelter him. [95] Under Field's leadership, the Classical Movement was active among Puritans within the Church of England throughout the 1570s and 1580s. The north of England remained conservative in religious matters and England's three closest neighbours (Scotland, France, and Spain) were all Catholic states. The hybrid thus created was a compromise that left numerous issues unresolved. Did the Elizabethan Settlement heal the divide between English Catholics and Protestants? Test your knowledge with gamified quizzes. Matters were to be debated in a respectful fashion. What historian argued that the Elizabethan Settlement was the inevitable end of a popular Protestant Reformation? [34][35] Opposition to the so-called "popish wardrobe" made it impossible to enforce the rubric. Many of these instructions concerned preachers who now had to have a license issued by a bishop and who were obliged to hold at least one service each month or lose that license. Help our mission to provide free history education to the world! Create flashcards in notes completely automatically. This petition for church reform was referred to the Hampton Court Conference of 1604, which agreed to produce a new version of the Book of Common Prayer that incorporated a few changes requested by the Puritans. While most people conformed, a minority of recusants remained loyal Roman Catholics. Churchwarden accounts indicate that half of all parishes kept Catholic vestments and Mass equipment for at least a decade. The Elizabethan Settlement established a unified Church of England that included Protestant beliefs and the Catholic hierarchical structure. As the historian D. Starkey notes, Elizabeth's cautious reforms resulted in "a Church that was Protestant in doctrine, Catholic in appearance" (314). [30] The revised Book of Common Prayer removed this denunciation of the Pope. While affirming traditional Christian teaching as defined by the first four ecumenical councils, it tried to steer a middle way between Reformed and Lutheran doctrines while rejecting Anabaptist thinking. Within the Church of England, a Calvinist consensus developed among leading churchmen. The Royal Injunctions of July 1559 CE set out a further 57 regulations for the Church of England to follow. Two other important features of the Act of Uniformity were, first, church attendance was made compulsory. These included injunctions allowing processions to take place at Rogationtide and requirements that clergy receive permission to marry from the bishop and two justices of the peace. Her brief reign sought to return England's church to Catholicism and reconcile with the Pope. The 1662 prayer book mandated by the 1662 Act of Uniformity was a slightly revised version of the previous book. In addition, the Pope excommunicated Elizabeth for heresy in 1570 CE. "The Elizabethan Religious Settlement." Thomas Sampson, a Marian exile, believed that "All scripture seems to assign the title of head of the Church to Christ alone". World History Encyclopedia is a non-profit organization. Most people in Elizabethan England were Catholic, but the majority of the government was Protestant. Anyone suspected of not recognising Elizabeth as head of the Church would now find themselves before a new court, the Court of High Commission. Was there a middle ground between Catholics and Protestants? The proposed settlement was roundly rejected and adulterated by the House of Lords, with its Catholic majority. EV-Elizabeth had followed her own conscience in establishing a Protestant church of England but she has made a compromise with Catholics as she needed the support of Catholic political classes to help her run the country. [27] Under this bill, the Pope's jurisdiction in England was once again abolished, and Elizabeth was to be Supreme Governor of the Church of England instead of supreme head. [32] This made it easier for priests to "counterfeit" the Mass without risking arrest. [28], The bill included permission to receive communion in two kinds. [77] In 1562, the Council of Trent ruled out any outward conformity or Nicodemism for Catholics: "You may not be present at such prayers of heretics, or at their sermons, without heinous offence and the indignation of God, and it is far better to suffer most bitter cruelties than to give the least sign of consent to such wicked and abominable rites. There was opposition to the moderate features of the Settlement from both radical Catholics and radical Protestants. Sign up to highlight and take notes. When Edward VI died, his sister Mary I became queen. [92] While Parliament still met, Thomas Wilcox and John Field published An Admonition to the Parliament that condemned "Popish abuses yet remaining in the English Church" and episcopal polity. In addition to the English College at Douai, a seminary was established at Rome and two more established in Spain. Elizabeth's cautious reforms resulted in 'a Church that was Protestant in doctrine, Catholic in appearance'. [38], In his "Puritan Choir" thesis, historian J. E. Neale argues that Elizabeth wanted to pursue a conservative policy but was pushed in a radical direction by a Protestant faction in the House of Commons. Elizabethan Settlement. ", Salvation comes from God's grace alone and not through good works. The Act of Supremacy 1559 This required all clergymen and government officers to . Try and produce an argument for your decision by gathering evidence from the article! [73] They also acted as a "Church government in exile", providing Catholics in England with advice and instructions. The Elizabethan settlement did not settle the religious debates brought by the Reformation. The Church will not prohibit oath-taking by Christians for civic purposes. How did the Elizabethan settlement affect the reformation in England? The specific words were: The body of our Lord Jesus Christ which was given for thee, preserve thy body and soul unto everlasting life, and take, and eat this, in remembrance that Christ died for thee, feed on him in thine heart by faith and thanksgiving. The choice of state religion would have political consequences, whatever the decision. Almost 200 Catholic priests and those who helped them were hunted and burned. The latter problem was addressed by establishing seminaries to train and ordain English priests. [46], The Injunctions offered clarity on the matter of vestments. The Elizabethan Religious Settlement was contained in two acts - the Act of Supremacy and the Act of Uniformity. "The Elizabethan Religious Settlement." In this address, Elizabeth deliberately disassociated herself from the unpopular regime under Queen Mary I by signalling how hers would be different. Our latest articles delivered to your inbox, once a week: Our mission is to engage people with cultural heritage and to improve history education worldwide. [74] Other leading Marian churchmen remained in England to serve as private chaplains to Catholic nobles and gentry. The most important outcome of the Conference, however, was the decision to produce a new translation of the Bible, the 1611 King James Version. Which of the following was NOT included in the Thirty-Nine Articles? [99] Whitgift's demands produced widespread turmoil, and around 400 ministers were suspended for refusal to subscribe. Indulge in gifts inspired by its Elizabethan symbolism. In 1645, the prayer book was made illegal and replaced by the Directory for Public Worship. [12] She also kept many of her religious views private, which can make it difficult to determine what she believed. Somerset was a Calvinist, and the young king grew up with a host of Protestant tutors. It seemed that out of sight was out of mind, and this principle would apply to practising Christians of both sides in the debate. All Christians may receive the bread and wine of the Lord's Supper. Elizabethan religious settlement: the Timeline of key events. The 1549 prayer book required clergy to wear the alb, cope and chasuble. The Act of Uniformity of 1559 re-introduced the Book of Common Prayer from Edward's reign, which contained the liturgical services of the church. The first act passed by the House of Commons in February 1559 joined together a bill of supremacy, establishing Queen Elizabeth I as head of the church, with one of uniformity, dealing with the type of faith and service. [75], Catholics were forced to choose between attending Protestant services to comply with the law or refusing to attend. The bill was hotly debated but eventually passed by three votes. This would help secure her throne in political terms, too. He holds an MA in Political Philosophy and is the WHE Publishing Director. Be perfectly prepared on time with an individual plan. Haigh argues that the Act of Uniformity "produced an ambiguous Book of Common Prayer: a liturgical compromise which allowed priests to perform the Church of England communion with Catholic regalia, standing in the Catholic position, and using words capable of Catholic interpretation". [119], Supreme Governor of the Church of England, The First Blast of the Trumpet Against the Monstruous Regiment of Women, History of the Puritans under Queen Elizabeth I, A View of Popish Abuses yet remaining in the English Church, "Music and Reform in France, England, and Scotland", Elizabethan Religious Settlement - World History Encyclopedia, Documents Illustrative of English Church History, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Elizabethan_Religious_Settlement&oldid=1137970785, This page was last edited on 7 February 2023, at 09:43. Elizabeth . Some modifications were made to appeal to Catholics and Lutherans, including giving individuals greater latitude concerning belief in the real presence of Christ in the Eucharist and permission to use traditional priestly vestments. The Council hoped that by separating them at least the Supremacy bill would pass. These articles served as the foundation for the Church of England's doctrine. [60], Devotional singing at home was shared between family and friends. [107] Due to their belief in free will, this new faction is known as the Arminian party, but their high church orientation was more controversial. The Settlement failed to end religious disputes. [86] Throughout her reign, the Queen successfully blocked attempts by Parliament and the bishops to introduce further change. The remaining bishops were all Catholics appointed during Mary's reign, and Elizabeth's advisers hoped they could be persuaded to continue serving. Numerous educational institutions recommend us, including Oxford University. [61] By far the most popular and reprinted metrical Psalter was Thomas Sternhold's Whole book of Psalms. Many became leaders of an underground Catholic Church. Submitted by Mark Cartwright, published on 02 June 2020. The Thirty-nine Articles were not intended as a complete statement of the Christian faith but of the position of the Church of England in relation to the Catholic Church and dissident Protestants. Want to search our collection? [35], The most significant revision was a change to the Communion Service that added the words for administering sacramental bread and wine from the 1549 prayer book to the words in the 1552 book. Mary was just as passionate a Catholic as Edward had been Protestant. Same period: some extreme Protestants were disappointed by the religious settlement because think that the religious changes are not extreme enough. It can be argued the settlement was successful among ordinary people as there were no widespread religious inspired revolts, unlike under HVIII (drawing comparisons across the Tudor period). [37] This combination could be interpreted as an affirmation of an objective real presence to those who believed in it, while others could interpret it to mean memorialism. Study with Quizlet and memorize flashcards containing terms like What religion was Elizabeth I ?, What is the Elizabethan Religious Settlement ?, Was the Religious Settlement successful ? [115], Diarmaid MacCulloch states that Hooker's writings helped to create an "Anglican synthesis". [14] He argues the modifications were most likely meant to appease domestic and foreign Lutheran Protestants who opposed the memorialist view originating from reformed Zurich. [16] The Queen's principal secretary was Sir William Cecil, a moderate Protestant. They sing the psalms in English, and at certain hours of the day they use organs and music. Those who refused to attend Church of England services were called recusants. Choosing to remain Catholic would surrender power to Rome and ally England with other Catholic states, such as France and Spain. During this time, motets were replaced by anthems,[55] and William Byrd's Great Service was composed for the royal chapel and cathedrals. Fig. Cartwright, Mark. The seminary priests were dependent on the gentry families of southern England. Elizabeth had to also concede to the radical Protestants and so she introduced a new Book of Common Prayer in 1559 CE which was not quite as radical as Thomas Cranmer's 1552 CE version but more so than the more moderate 1549 CE version. Those who chose not to adhere to the Church of England's rules were persecuted. We contribute a share of our revenue to remove carbon from the atmosphere and we offset our team's carbon footprint. Even this was possible only through political intrigue. They established the practice of faith and religious procedures in England. Others refused to conform. This receptionist view had much in common with John Calvin's Eucharistic theology. During the 1560s, this generally proved to be the case with . With bishops, however, only one agreed to take the oath and all the others had to step down. Books Special interests include art, architecture, and discovering the ideas that all civilizations share. There were obstacles, notably the presence of many Catholic bishops who had been appointed by Mary and many catholic-minded nobles in the government. Essentially, they covered all the matters not yet set out in previous legislation and aimed to definitively establish what was meant by the English version of Protestantism, otherwise known as Anglicism. In Mary's reign, these religious policies were reversed, England was re-united with the Roman Catholic Church and Protestantism was suppressed. The queen's precise personal views on religion were difficult to determine. [1] Under Elizabeth's half-brother, Edward VI, the Church of England became more explicitly Protestant, projecting a "restrained" Calvinism, in the words of historian Christopher Haigh. The revised Act of Supremacy still abolished papal supremacy, but defined Elizabeth as Supreme Governor, rather than Supreme Head, of the church. Most of their replacements were not consecrated until December 1559 or early 1560. This division began during the reign of her father, Henry VIII. Search here. The Church of England was then moved even closer towards full Protestantism under Henry's successor, his son Edward VI of England (r. 1547-1553 CE). What were the main features of the Elizabethan Religious Settlement? Rycote Chapel, OxfordshirePeter Reed (CC BY-NC) During Henry's reign, the Church of England went semi-Lutheran in 1537, asserting that justification by faith alone was central to doctrine and that the church should eliminate saint worship. The belief that the wafer and wine literally transform into Christ's body and blood during Communion service. II Historians have examined the Reformation of the English Church in a number of World History Encyclopedia. James was himself a moderate Calvinist, and the Puritans hoped the King would move the English Church in the Scottish direction. Taxes that had been paid to Rome were, as before Mary's reign, redirected to the English government. 8,000 priests and less important clergy did so. [82] Afterwards, efforts to identify recusants and force them to conform increased. Few thought this was the rubric's meaning, however. Elizabeth I Sieve PortraitQuentin Metsys the Younger (Public Domain). A debate was scheduled during the Easter recess between a team of Catholics and a team of Protestants, with the Privy Council as judge and Bacon as Chairman. "[108] Laudianism, however, was unpopular with both Puritans and Prayer Book Protestants, who viewed the high church innovations as undermining forms of worship they had grown attached to. Symbolic of the general compromises going on, priests could place a crucifix and candles on the table. Marks: 16 marks + 4 marks SPAG. The bishops struggled for decades to impose the prayer book and Injunctions on reluctant parishes. There were priests who conformed to the prayer book while also providing the Mass to their parishioners. After his wife, Catherine of Aragon, failed to produce a male heir, Henry applied to the pope for an annulment of his marriage. The Act of Supremacy of 1558 re-established the Church of . Her reason was: I would not open windows into men's souls"- Elizabeth I 1. The Elizabethan Settlement was religious legislation passed from 1559 to 1571 that intended to provide a compromise between English Catholics and Protestants. Anglicans started to define their Church as a via media or middle way between the religious extremes of Catholicism and Protestantism; Arminianism and Calvinism; and high church and low church. A proclamation forbade any "breach, alteration, or change of any order or usage presently established within this our realm". Here is an example answer to the following 16-mark question on whether geographical divisions were the biggest problem for Elizabeth I in establishing the religious settlement in England. This act ignited the English Reformation and established a unique form of Protestantism known as Anglicanism as the official religion. Neither France nor Spain reacted to the changes, perhaps believing that they were as temporary as they hoped Elizabeth's reign would be. The next step followed quick on the heels of the first and was the May 1559 CE Act of Uniformity. Twenty bishops (all Roman Catholics)[22] sat in the House of Lords as Lords Spiritual, and the Lords in general were opposed to change. Parker was a prominent scholar and had served as chaplain to Elizabeth's mother, Anne Boleyn. From across the sea, an art revolution is coming. The Admonition Controversy was not a disagreement over soteriologyboth Cartwright and Whitgift believed in predestination and that human works played no role in salvation. Laud and his followers believed the Reformation had gone too far and launched a "'Beauty of Holiness' counter-revolution, wishing to restore what they saw as lost majesty in worship and lost dignity for the sacerdotal priesthood. The visitation was conducted according to injunctions based on the Royal Injunctions of 1547. [97] The majority of conformists were part of the Reformed consensus that included the Puritans; what divided the parties were disputes over church government. Made Elizabeth I Supreme Governor of the Church. The Elizabethan Religious Settlement is the name given to the religious and political arrangements made for England during the reign of Elizabeth I (1558-1603). She inherited an England deeply divided on religious issues. The Elizabethan Religious Settlement was composed of the following principal elements: Henry VIII had started the English Reformation which split the Church in England from Catholic Rome. At this point, the Privy Council introduced two new bills, one concerning royal supremacy and the other about a Protestant liturgy. Episcopacy was replaced with a semi-presbyterian system. Quentin Metsys the Younger (Public Domain). This license lets others remix, tweak, and build upon this content non-commercially, as long as they credit the author and license their new creations under the identical terms. When Elizabeth I ascended to the throne, she took up the articles and gave them to a Convocation of religious leaders for revision for the new Church of England. In 1560, the bishops specified that the cope should be worn when administering the Lord's Supper and the surplice at all other times. [113] The suppression and marginalisation of Prayer Book Protestants during the 1640s and 1650s had made the prayer book "an undisputed identifier of an emerging Anglican self-consciousness. The Act of Supremacy of 1558 re-established the Church of England's independence from Rome, and Parliament conferred on Elizabeth the title of Supreme Governor of the Church of England. Mary died in November 1558 without a Catholic heir, leaving the throne to the Protestant Elizabeth. With your support millions of people learn about history entirely for free, every month. John Whitgift of Cambridge University, a leading advocate for conformity, published a reply in October 1572, and he and Cartwright subsequently entered into a pamphlet war. - Elizabeth proclaimed that she did not wish to made windows into men's souls. The Elizabethan . Bishop Goldwell of St Asaph was never summoned to Parliament, and the elderly Bishop Tunstall of Durham was excused from attending on account of age. Henry dissolved the English monasteries and seized their assets, causing widespread unrest. The queen had compromised a little on the wording of the Supremacy Act, calling herself the 'Supreme Governor' of the Church instead of the 'Supreme Head', thus making her more acceptable to Protestants who disliked the idea of a woman in that position. It restored the 1552 prayer book with some modifications. [83], The persecution of 15811592 changed the nature of Roman Catholicism in England. [116] The clash between Calvinists and Arminians was never resolved, and the "seesaw battle between Catholic and Protestant within a single Anglican ecclesiastical structure has been proceeding ever since". [2], During Edward's reign, the Church of England preached justification by faith alone as a central teaching,[3] in contrast to the Catholic teaching that the contrite person could cooperate with God towards their salvation by performing good works. This group was led by Richard Neile of Durham and became known as the Durham House group. Nie wieder prokastinieren mit unseren Lernerinnerungen. This was partially due to ambiguous doctrinal changes which did not greatly affect everyday life, among other factors. They would spend more money on buying Bibles and prayer books and replacing chalices with communion cups (a chalice was designed for the priest alone whereas a communion cup was larger and to be used by the whole congregation). Essentially, the act returned churches to their appearance in 1549 CE. Bibliography The English Reformation began with Henry VIII of England (r. 1509-1547 Mary, Queen of Scots was the queen of both Scotland (r. 1542-1567 Mary I of England reigned as queen from 1553 to 1558 CE. [40] There were also conflicting directions for the placement of the communion tables that were to replace stone altars. The Church that Elizabeth created is unique. . Between 1574 and 1603, 600 Catholic priests were sent to England. The Queen did not approve, disliking any attempt to undermine the concept of religious uniformity and her own religious settlement. P-The Religious settlement was successful because there was much about it that was acceptable to most Catholics. This pressure meant that the Act was passed by Parliament but only by the slightest of majorities. Elizabeth then set about returning the Church of England to its reformed state as it had been under Edward VI or, if possible, not quite as radical. [10], Mary I, Elizabeth's half-sister, became queen in 1553. In the end, Archbishop Parker issued a code of discipline for the clergy called the Advertisements, and the most popular and effective Protestant preachers were suspended for non-compliance. The Holy Scriptures contain "all things necessary for salvation. [66], The settlement of 1559 had given Protestants control of the Church of England, but matters were different at the parish level, where Catholic priests and traditional laity held large majorities. [63], The Elizabethan settlement was further consolidated by the adoption of a moderately Protestant doctrinal statement called the Thirty-nine Articles of Religion. The World History Encyclopedia logo is a registered trademark. Those who refused to conform to the new Church of England were persecuted. While many people were either pro-Catholic or pro-Protestant, it is likely that many more were attracted to elements from both sides such as, for example, admiring the beautiful ornamentation of a gold crucifix yet favouring the use of English in services. "It was worthwhile for Elizabeth's government to throw the Lutherans a few theological scraps, and the change also chimed with the queen's personal inclination to Lutheran views on eucharistic presence. https://www.worldhistory.org/article/1565/the-elizabethan-religious-settlement/. What year were the Acts of Uniformity and Supremacy passed? What was a Protestant element of the new Church of England? Once Whitgift had destroyed presbyterian activism, he was content to leave the Puritans alone. In effect, Elizabeth was declaring that she did not believe in the doctrine of transubstantiation. 8,000 priests and less important clergy did so. The Act of Supremacy in 1534 removed any religious authority in England from the Pope and gave it to himself, and his heirs. World History Encyclopedia. Elizabeth's coronation gives a clue to her middle-of-the-road position when, in Westminster Abbey, the mass was permitted but the newly crowned queen left before the elevation of the host (when the communion bread, now transformed into the body of Jesus Christ, is held up by the priest). Web. During Edward's reign, the Church of England adopted a Reformed theology and liturgy. [67], Gradually, England was transformed into a Protestant country as the prayer book shaped Elizabethan religious life. Last modified June 02, 2020. Elizabeth was seemingly a moderate in religious views and she wished above all to avoid the bloody scenes of executed martyrs that her predecessor had presided over. [44], In the summer of 1559, the government conducted a royal visitation of the dioceses. While some were happy to return to the traditional religion, many were not, and the land was ripped apart by rebellion. However, those who refused to comply were persecuted. Elizabeth was a Protestant, but not a zealous one as her brother Edward VI had been. Please note that content linked from this page may have different licensing terms. [15] At Westminster Abbeystill a Benedictine monasterythe Queen disapproved of what she considered Catholic superstition, telling the monks bearing candles in procession, "Away with those torches, for we see very well". [108], During the reign of Charles I, the Arminians were ascendant and closely associated with William Laud, Archbishop of Canterbury (16331645). The papal bull Regnans in Excelsis released Elizabeth's Catholic subjects from any obligation to obey her. Was the Elizabethan settlement successful? This was by no means a simple task as, in these early stages, nobody quite knew what Anglicism precisely was except that it was not Catholicism or extreme Protestantism but somewhere in-between.

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