The castes of the three categoriesprimarily urban, primarily rural, and rural-cum-urbanformed an intricate network spread over the rural and urban communities in the region. CENTRAL LIST OF OBCs FOR THE STATE OF GUJARAT Entry No Caste/ Community Resolution No. Some of the other such divisions were Kathi, Dubla, Rabari, Bharwad, Mer (see Trivedi 1961), Vaghri, Machhi, Senwa, Vanzara, and Kharwa. MomJunction provides content for informational purposes only. It is a coalescence of Kolis and Rajputs on the modern political plane based on the foundation of the traditional social and cultural symbiosis under the rubric of Kshatriya. The dye is caste in Gujarat. The two categories of castes have been deeply conscious of these differences between them and have been talking freely about them. Data need to be collected over large areas by methods other than those used in village studies, castes need to be compared in the regional setting, and a new general approach, analytical framework, and conceptual apparatus need to be developed. Another major factor in the growth of urban centres in Gujarat was political. Shyam Lal Rawat refers to the Meghwals of Rajasthan as "one of the dominating backward castes",[13] a connection also made by Debashis Debnath. Bhavsar Name Meaning. So far we have considered first-order divisions with large and widely spread populations. Some of the Mahashas also claim to be belonging to Meghs. Daruwala is a composite of the Gujarati words daru, meaning alcohol, and wala, which means seller or maker. That Rajputs were one of the divisions, if not the only division of the first-order, not having further divisions, has already been mentioned. At one end there were castes in which the principle of hierarchy had free play and the role of the principle of division was limited. The census reports provide such figures until 1931, but it is well known that these pose many problems for sociological analysis, most of which arise out of the nature of castes as horizontal units. While we do get evidence of fission of caste divisions of a higher order into two or more divisions of a lower order, the mere existence of divisions of a lower order should not be taken as evidence of fission in a division of a higher order. There are 350+ Castes living in Gujarat state. Thus, all religions and communities have different surnames and the backgrounds can be similar or different as well. From the 15th century onwards we find historical references to political activities of Koli chieftains. The surname is a toponymic one, and refers to those who originally belonged to the village of Kotadiya, in Jamnagar district of Gujarat. In some places they are known as Ganeshia, Meghbansi, Mihagh, Rakhesar, Rakhia, Rikhia, Rishia and other names. There was a continuous process of formation and disintegration of such units. In fact, inter-tad marriages have increased so much that the tads have more or less lost their identity and such marriages are no longer considered as violating the rule of tad endogamy. Mistri , (suthar/ Sutar), Suthar, Mistri, Gurjar (suthar/ sutar), Guijar, Guijar (Suthar/ Sutar), , (/), , (/), , (/), Kachhia, Kachhi, Kachhi Kushavah, Maurya Koyari, , , , , Bawa-Dedh, Dedh-Sadhu, (Vankar-Sadhu, Harijan-Bawa, Anusuchit Jatina Bawa), , , (-, -, ), Bhambi, Bhambhi, Asadaru, Asodi, Chamadia, Chamar, Chamar-Ravidas, Chabhar, Chamgar, Haralayya, Harali, Khalpa, Machigar, Mochigar, Madar, Madig, Mochi(In Dangs District Only), Nalia, Telugu Mochi, Kamati Mochi, Ranigar, Rohidas, Rohit, Samgar, , , , , , -, , , , , , , , , ( ),, , , , , , , Bhangi, Mehtar, Olgana, Rukhi, malkana, Halalkhor, Lalbegi, Balmiki, Korar, Zadmalli, Barwashia, Barwasia, Jamphoda, Zampada, Zampda, Rushi, Valmiki, , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , Garoda, Garo, (Hindu Garoda Brahman, Grava, Guru Brahman Scheduled Caste), , , ( , , ), Mahyavansi, Dhed, Dhedh, Vankar, Maru Vankar, Antyai, , , , , , , Meghval, Meghawal, Menghvar, (Jedeja Meghwal, Maheshvari Meghwal, Vankar Meghwal, Charaniya Meghwal, Gurjar Meghwal), , , , ( , , , ), Senva, Shenva, Chenva, Sedma, Rawat, (Senma), , , , , , (), Kotwal (In Bhind, Dhar, Dewas, Guna, Gwalior, Indore, Jhabua, Khargone Mandsaur, Morena, Rajgarh, Ratlam, Shaiapur, Shivpuri, Ujjain & Vidisha Districts), (, , , , , , , , , , ), Bharwad (in the Nesses of the forests of Alech, Barada and Gir), (, ), Bhil, Bhil Garasia, Dholi Bhil, Dungri Bhil, Dungri Garasia, Mewasi Bhi, Rawal Bhil, TAdvi Bhil, Bhagalia, Bhilala, Pawara, Vasava, Vasave, , , , , , , , , , , , , , Charan (in the Nesses of the forests of Alech, Barada and Gir), (, ), Kathodi, Katkari, Dhor Kathodi, Dhor Katkari, Son Kathodi, Son Katkari, , , , , , , Naikda, Nayaka, Choliyala Nayaka, Kapadia Nayaka, Mota Nayaka, Nana Nayaka, , , , , , , Pardhi, Advichincher, Pahanse Pardhi(exluding Amreli, Bhavangara, Jamnagar,Junagadh, Kutch, Rajkot and Surendrangar district), , , ( , , ,, , ), Rabari (in the Nesses of the the forests of Alech, Barada and Gir), (, ), Siddi, Siddi-Badshan (in Amreli, Bhavanagar, jamnagar, Jungadh, Rajkot and Surendranagar disrticts), , - ( , , , , ), Koli (Rapar and Bhachau talukas of Kutch district only), ( ), General Caste List in Gujarat pdf Download. More common was an ekda or tad having its population residing either in a few neighbouring villages, or in a few neighbouring towns, or in both. This was because political authorities were hierarchized from little kingdom to empire and the boundaries of political authorities kept changing. I am not suggesting that the principle of hierarchy was insignificant in the inter- or intra-caste relations in urban centres. But during the 18th century, when the Mughal Empire was disintegrating, a large number of small kingdoms came into existence, and each had a small capital town of its own. Doshi is a common Gujarati surname, which means a cloth-selling hawker. The surname likely would have been an occupational one. Below is a list of the Bhagats who contributed towards Sri Guru Granth Sahib:[2]. Literally, then, the words Meghwal and Meghwar connote a people who belong to Megh lineage. Ganjawala The exact meaning of the Ganjawala surname is unknown. [19], In Kutch, Meghwals are divided into 4 entities depending on their origin or their time period of arrival:[20][21], Meghwal of Madhya Pradesh are largely concentrated in Khargone district. If this rule was violated, i.e., if he married a girl with whom the Vanias did not have commensal relations, the maximum punishment, namely, excommunication, was imposed. Then there were a number of urban divisions of specialized artisans, craftsmen and servants, as for example, Sonis (gold and silver smiths), Kansaras (copper and bronze smiths), Salvis (silk weavers), Bhavsars (weavers, dyers and printers), Malis (florists), Kharadis (skilled carpenters and wood carvers), Kachhias (vegetable sellers), Darjis (tailors), Dabgars (makers of drums, saddles and such other goods involving leather), Ghanchis (oil pressers), Golas ferain and spice pounders and domestic servants), Dhobis (washermen), Chudgars (banglemakers), and Tambolis (sellers of area nuts, betel leaves, etc.). * List of Scheduled Tribes in Gujarat; A. . Sastry. Phone +91 79 23253245 2021 Director, Developing Castes Welfare, Government of Gujarat Privacy PolicySitemapHyperlinking PolicyCopyright PolicyTerms & ConditionsDisclaimer Visitors 1766792 Last update 21 Apr 2023 To whichever of the four orders a caste division belonged, its horizontal spread rarely, if ever, coincided with that of another. A blacksmith or an artisan, they all have a good business sense and know-how to reap profits and carry their cultural heritage all over the world. It is possible that there were a few divisions each confined to just one large city and, therefore, not having the horizontal dimension at all. It is quite a common Gujarati surname, and indicates that the person is a believer of Jainism. (Sanskrit: :)[6][7] , , , . window.__mirage2 = {petok:"JoC_BWsapbxkWt5DiwKm.yUVJ1sUs5Lnx3NXnOdJgrU-3600-0"}; The primarily rural and lower castes were the last to form associations and that too mainly after independence (1947). Hey mothers out there, sign up now and thank me later :) - BY Priya Rathore, The best thing that happened to me as a mother is me signing up with them for my two sweet little munchkin's needs. In 1891, when Hardyal Singh wrote about the Bhambi, Meghwal caste of Marwar states, he observed:[3][10][12], "The first two divisions (The Adu or unmixed Bhambis and the Maru Bhambis) are very closely connected and inter-marry, while the last two divisions only marry in their own communities respectively. The existence of flexibility at both the levels was made possible by the flexibility of the category Rajput. Although my knowledge is fragmentary, I thought it was worthwhile to put together the bits and pieces for the region as a whole. The caste net has caught big fish, but we Parsis haven't got away. 8. Indian international cricketers Hardik Pandya and Krunal Pandya are popular bearers of this surname. Bhagat is a term used in the Indian subcontinent to describe religious personalities who have obtain high acclaim in their community for their services and devoutness. For example, the Khadayata Brahmans worked as priests at important rituals among Khadayata Vanias. Systematic because castes exist and are like each other in being different (298). Unfortunately, such figures are not available for the last fifty years or so. You can check out this list below. Tapodhans were priests in Shiva temples. A new view of the whole, comprising the rural and the urban and the various orders of caste divisions, should be evolved. Many of them became the norm-setting elite for Gujaratis in the homeland. The migration of the Kolis of north Gujarat into central Gujarat and those of the latter into eastern Gujarat was a process of slow drift from one village to another over a period of time. Born in 1947, in Rawalpindi, Pakistan, Hardiman was raised in England, completed his PhD in history at the . The Meghwal women in Rajasthan are renowned for their exuberantly detailed costumes and jewellery. Pocock goes on to observe that diminution of emphasis upon hierarchy and increasing emphasis upon difference are features of caste in modern, particularly urban, India: there is a shift from the caste system to individual castes and this reflects the change that is taking place in India today (290). Most of the second-order divisions were further divided into third-order divisions. Kothari derives its name from the words Kotha or Kothar, which means treasury or godown. Many primarily rural castes, such as Kolisthe largest castehave remained predominantly rural even today. Second, there used to be intense intra-ekda politics, and tads were formed as a result of some continuing conflict among ekda leaders and over the trial of violation of ekda rules. State Id State Name Castecode Caste Subcaste 4 GUJARAT 4001 AHIR SORATHA 4 GUJARAT 4002 AHIR 4 GUJARAT 4003 ANSARI 4 GUJARAT 4004 ANVIL BRAHMIN 4 GUJARAT 4005 ATIT BAYAJI BAKSHI PANCH 4 GUJARAT 4006 BAJANIYA 4 GUJARAT 4007 BAJIR . To know how to differentiate between Gujrati surnames, given below is a list of surnames with the respective meanings. x[? -E$nvU 4V6_}\]}/yOu__}ww7oz[_z~?=|nNT=|qq{\//]/Ft>_tV}gjjn#TfOus_?~>/GbKc.>^\eu{[GE_>'x?M5i16|B;=}-)$G&w5uvb~o:3r3v GL3or}|Y~?3s_hO?qWWpn|1>9WS3^:wTU3bN{tz;T_}so/R95iLc_6Oo_'W7y; Unfortunately, although the Kolis are an important element in Gujarats population, their earlier ethnography is confusing, and there is hardly any modern, systematic, anthropological, sociological or historical study, so that the confusion continues to persist. In spite of them, however, sociologists and social anthropologists have not filled adequately the void left by the disappearance of caste from the census and the gazetteer. //]]>. The highest stratum among the Leva Kanbi tried to maintain its position by practising polygyny and female infanticide, among other customs and institutions, as did the highest stratum among the Rajput. Within each of these divisions, small endogamous units (ekdas, gols, bandhos) were organized from time to time to get relief from the difficulties inherent in hypergamy. Indian (Gujarat and Maharashtra): unexplained. What I am trying to point out, however, is that greater emphasis on division (Pococks difference, Dumonts separation. But many Rajput men of Radhvanaj got wives from people in distant villages who were recognized there as Kolisthose Kolis who had more land and power than the generality of Kolis had tried to acquire some of the traditional Rajput symbols in dress manners and customs and had been claiming to be Rajputs. Although it has been experiencing stresses and strains and has had ups and downs on account of the enormous diversity between the royal and the tribal ends, it has shown remarkable solidarity in recent years. Gandhi refers to someone who is a seller of fragrances, that is a perfume seller. The Rajput hierarchy had many levels below the level of the royal families of the large and powerful kingdoms: lineages of owners of large and small fiefs variously called jagir, giras, thakarat,thikana, taluka, and wanted-, lineages of substantial landowners under various land tenures having special rights and privileges; and lineages of small landowners. We shall return to this issue later. Marriages were usually confined to neighbouring villages, so that marriage links were spread in a continuous manner from one end of the region to another. When Mr. H. Borradaile in A.D. 1827 collected information regarding the customs of Hindus, no less than 207 castes which did not intermarry, were found in the city of Surat alone. The name, Talapada, meaning mdigenous, commonly used in the 19th century, is most clear, since it is clearly distinguished from the other division called Pardeshi, meaning foreign, who during the last one or two centuries immigrated here from the area around Patan in north Gujarat and were, therefore, also called Patan- wadias. A comment on the sociology of urban India would, therefore, be in order before we go ahead with the discussion of caste divisions. They were found in almost every village in plains Gujarat and in many villages in Saurashtra and Kachchh. The Anavil, numbering 30,000 to 40,000 in 1931, were found mainly in south Gujarat. Parekh derives from the Sanskrit word pariksaka, meaning an examiner. The Chumvalias and Patanwadias migrated possibly from the same tract and continued to belong to the same horizontal unit after migration. Another clearly visible change in caste in Gujarat is the emergence of caste associations. (adsbygoogle = window.adsbygoogle || []).push({}); Her experience in impactful writing combined with her background in Home Sciences makes Aparna the perfect candidate for content writing in the pregnancy and parenting niche.Read more. He stresses repeatedly the primacy of the principle of hierarchy-epitomized in the title of his book. (adsbygoogle = window.adsbygoogle || []).push({}); In this article, we will see All Gujarati Caste List and know their Name in English & Gujrati Langauge. Dowry not only continues to be a symbol of status in the new hierarchy but is gradually replacing bride price wherever it existed, and dowry amounts are now reaching astronomical heights. In recent years, however, there has been a tendency to emphasize hierarchy as the primary principle encompassing the principle of division. 2 0 obj <> For example, Gandhi refers to one who deals in fragrances. These coastal towns were involved in trade among themselves, with other towns on the rest of the Indian sea coast, and with many foreign lands. Meghwals are known for their contribution to embroidery and the textile industry. The unit might possess some other corporate characteristics also. Although they claimed to be Brahman they were closely associated with agriculture. Patel comes from the word Patlikh, which was a title given by the king to someone who worked as a record keeper of crops and taxes from a piece of land. There were similar problems about the status of a number of other divisions. Thus, Rawal/Raval refers to those who originally came from a family of commanders or kings. Similarly, although the number of marriages between the second-order divisions in the Vania division, i.e., between Khadayata, Modh, Shrimali, Lad, Vayada, etc., has been increasing, the majority of marriages take place within the respective second-order divisions. Gujrati surnames are mostly the ones who are from a business class, a small scale or industrial one. Examples include Balai, Menghwar, Bhambhi ,meghwar, meghwanshi, Kamad, Rikhia. (, ), ( , , ), . Village studies, as far as caste is a part of them, have been, there fore, concerned with the interrelations between sections of various castes in the local context. They co-existed in the highlands with tribes such as the Bhils, so much so that today frequently many high caste Gujaratis confuse them with Bhils, as did the earlier ethnographers. Privacy Policy 8. They took away offerings made to Shiva, which was considered extremely degrading. Get close to the ancestry and significance of some of the popular Spanish surnames. The population of certain first-order divisions lived mainly in villages. In particular, the implications of the co-existence of lower-order divisions within a higher- order division in the same town or city should be worked out. As a consequence, the continuities of social institutions and the potentiality of endogenous elements for bringing about change are overlooked (for a discussion of some other difficulties with these paradigms, see Lynch 1977). Pregnancy Registration in India When, How, And Why, Spicy Foods During Pregnancy Benefits, Side Effects and Precautions. For Sindhi folk art, see, http://lsi.gov.in:8081/jspui/bitstream/123456789/2806/1/41944_1961_ETH.pdf, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bhagat&oldid=1146477012, All articles with bare URLs for citations, Articles with bare URLs for citations from March 2022, Articles with PDF format bare URLs for citations, Short description is different from Wikidata, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 3.0, This page was last edited on 25 March 2023, at 03:36. They are proud of their community and carry it far for it to prosper. For example, there were two ekdas, each with a large section resident in a large town and small sections resident in two or three neighbouring small towns. The name Desai thus means landlord.. It is one of the common surnames among Indian Brahmins. Therefore, the surname refers to someone who likely made or sold screws. 2011 - 2023 MomJunction Private Limited. If the first-order divisions are called jatis and castes, the second-order divisions would be called sub-jatis or sub-castes. The Meghwal women's embroidery is avidly sought after. 4.00 lakhs or middle class families with income below Married women are often spotted wearing gold nose ring, earrings and neckpieces. In the city, on the other hand, the population was divided into a large number of castes and each of most of them had a large population, frequently subdivided up to the third or the fourth order. Today, there are two kinds of Koli areas. Our analysis of caste in towns has shown how it differed significantly from that in villages. <>/ExtGState<>/ProcSet[/PDF/Text/ImageB/ImageC/ImageI] >>/Annots[ 9 0 R] /MediaBox[ 0 0 612 792] /Contents 4 0 R/Group<>/Tabs/S/StructParents 0>> It owned corporate property, usually in the form of vadis (large buildings used for holding feasts and festivals, accommodating wedding guests, and holding meetings), huge utensils for cooking feasts, and money received as fees and fines. Kangasia 12011/68/93-BCC(C) dt 10/09/1993 32. The advance made in recent years is limited and much more needs to be done. Most are Hindu by religion, with Rishi Megh, Kabir, and Ram Devji, and Bankar Mataji their chief gods. For example, there were Khedawal Brahmans but not Khedawal Vanias, and Lad Vanias but no Lad Brahmans. There was apparently a close relation between a castes internal organization and the size and spatial distribution of its population. [2], The Meghwal community is known by various names, depending on location. The Hindu and Muslim kingdoms in Gujarat during the medieval period had, of course, their capital towns, at first Patan and then Ahmedabad. For example, a good number of villages in central Gujarat used to have both Talapada and Pardeshi Kolis and Brahmans belonging to two or three of their many second-order divisions. Their work is distinguished by their primary use of red, which comes from a local pigment produced from crushed insects. Origin of Family name (Surname) 'Bhagat' They were thus not of the same status as most other second-order divisions among Brahmans. As regards the specific case of the Rajput-Koli relationship, my impression is that, after the suppression of female infanticide in the first half of the 19th century, the later prohibition of polygyny, and the recent removal of princely states and feudal land tenures among the Rajputs on the one hand, and the increasing sanskritization as well as Rajputization among the Kolis on the other, marriage ties between these divisions have become more extensive than before. We hope you like this article. We will reply as soon as possible. Individuals from the Barot community would usually work as genealogists (one who studies and makes a pedigree) and as bards. It is not easy to find out if the tads became ekdas in course of time and if the process of formation of ekdas was the same as that of the formation of tads. Almost every village in this area included at least some Leva population, and in many villages they formed a large, if not the largest, proportion of the population. The migrants, many of whom came from heterogeneous urban centres of Gujarat, became part of an even more heterogeneous environment in Bombay. The boundaries of caste division were fairly clear in the village community. Bhagat is also a Hindu, Buddhist and Jain surname, which is most prevalent in the northern states of India. Desai is a frequently used Gujarati surname composed of the Sanskrit words desa meaning country, and swami meaning master or lord. Ideally, castes as horizontal units should he discussed with the help of population figures. It is an occupational surname that referred to someone who worked as a supervisor or a proprietor. Gujarati surnames are usually passed down through different generations of the family based on the patrilineal system, which means that the fathers surname is passed on to his children. They had an internal hierarchy similar to that of the Leva Kanbis, with tax-farmers and big landlords at the top and small landowners at the bottom. Bhagat. It reflects, on the one hand, the political aspirations of Kolis guided by the importance of their numerical strength in electoral politics and on the other hand, the Rajputs attempt to regain power after the loss of their princely states and estates. With the exclusion of caste (except scheduled caste) from the census since 1951 (practically since 1941, because the census of that year did not result in much reporting), writings on castes as horizontal units greatly declined. Get curated, personalised content as per your parenting stage. The Levas, Anavils and Khedawals provide examples of castes whose internal organization had a strong emphasis on the principle of hierarchy and a weak emphasis on that of division. The surname is a toponymic one and refers to those who originally belonged to the Amroli region of Surat in Gujarat. The Gujarati surnames are different from other surnames and stand out from the rest of other languages. Use of this site is subject to our terms of use and privacy policy. Even if we assume, for a moment, that the basic nature of a structure or institution was the same, we need to know its urban form or variant. It is also one of the clan in Mahar caste with clan totem as King Cobra [1] and also a surname found among Marathas, Bania communities and Punjabi Brahmins. DISCLAIMER: The material on this website is provided for educational purposes only and is not to be used for medical advice, diagnosis or treatment, or in place of therapy or medical care. Shah derives its name from sahukaar, a Gujarati word that means merchant, banker, or money-lender. While some hypergamous and hierarchical tendency, however weak, did exist between tads within an ekda and between ekdas within a second- order division, it was practically non-existent among the forty or so second-order divisions, such as Modh, Porwad, Shrimali, Khadayata and so on, among the Vanias. The Bhavsars claim to be of Kshatriya descent. Director, Developing Caste Welfare Block No. Caste divisions of the first-order can be classified broadly into three categories. While the Rajputs, Leva Patidars, Anavils and Khedawals have been notorious for high dowries, and the Kolis have been looked down upon for their practice of bride price, the Vanias have been paying neither. Most associations continue to retain their non-political character. What may be called the census approach influenced a great deal of scholarly work. Acharya, a common Gujarati surname, derives its name from Acarya, a Sanskrit word for a spiritual leader, or the one who teaches conduct., The surname originates from a Sanskrit word that means best among priests who perform Yagna.. Origin, State of Origin, Mother tongue, Religion of surname 'Bhakta'. Over nine year more. Save my name, email, and website in this browser for the next time I comment. For example, among Vanias in a large town like Ahmedabad many of the thirty or forty second-order divisions (such as Khadayata, Modh, Porwad, Shrimali, and so on) were represented. We shall return later to a consideration of this problem. If YES then please share this article with your friends and family on all Social media sites like Facebook, Whatsapp, Telegram, Twitter & Instagram. At the other end were castes in which the principle of division had free play and the role of the principle of hierarchy was limited. Kumbhar (Prajapati, Varia), Prajapati (uijar prajapati, Varia Prajapati, Sorthia Prajapati), Sorathiya Prajapati. , I couldn't have asked for more. The two considered themselves different and separateof course, within the Kanbi foldwhere they happened to live together in the villages in the merger zone between north and central Gujarat and in towns. It is easy to understand that the pattern of change would be different in those first-order divisions (such as Rajput) or second-order divisions (such as Leva Kanbi) which did not have within them subdivisions of lower orders and which practised hypergamy extensively. In the village strict prohibition of inter-division marriage as well as the rules of purity and pollution and other mechanisms, of which the students of Indian village communities are well aware since the 1950s, maintained the boundaries of these divisions. Of particular importance seems to be the fact that a section of the urban population was more or less isolatedsome may say, alienatedfrom the rural masses from generation to generation. State of Origin: Gujarat. For example, among the Vanias the most general rule was that a marriage of a boy could be arranged with any girl who was bhane khapati, i.e., with whom he was permitted to have commensal relations (roti vyavahar). There were also a number of first-order divisions, mainly of artisans, craftsmen and specialized servants, with small populations. In the second-order divisions of the Vanias the small endogamous units functioned more effectively and lasted longer: although the hypergamous tendency did exist particularly between the rural and the urban sections in a unit, it had restricted play. There were Brahman and Vania divisions of the same name, the myths about both of them were covered by a single text. There was another kind of ambiguity about the Brahman status or two other divisionsKayatia and Tapodhan. - BY Crissy Jane The surname thus has an occupational origin. I have done field work in two contiguous parts of Gujarat: central Gujarat (Kheda district and parts of Ahmedabad and Baroda districts) and eastern Gujarat (Panchmahals district). And dont worry, you can always change this later. It used to have a panch (council of leaders) and sometimes also a headman (patel). Sometimes castes are described as becoming ethnic groups in modern India, particularly in urban India. In central Gujarat, at least from about the middle of the 18th century, the population of the wealthy and powerful Patidar section of the Kanbis also lived in townsan extremely interesting development of rich villages into towns, which I will not describe here. Although the people of one tad would talk about their superiority over those of another tad in an ekda, and the people of one ekda over those of another in a higher-order division, particularly in large towns where two or more tads and ekdas would be found living together, there was no articulate ranking and hypergamy among them. Here, usually, what mattered was the first-order division, as for example Brahman, Vania, Rajput, Kanbi, carpenter, barber, leather-worker, and so on. To give just one example, one large street in Baroda, of immigrant Kanbis from the Ahmedabad area, named Ahmedabadi Pol, was divided into two small parallel streets.

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