Or my mother or my father, OK? [41] Cinema artists such as Fritz Lang registered their protest. The Rosenbergs issued a public statement: By asking us to repudiate the truth of our innocence, the government admits its own doubts concerning our guilt we will not be coerced, even under pain of death, to bear false witness. On 16 June 1953, the children were brought to Sing Sing prison in New York State to say goodbye to their parents. Initially, David testified that his sister had not been involved in any espionage. The case was intensely controversial, touching nerves throughout American society, and debates about the Rosenbergs continue to the present day. They thought they were making the world a better place, says Sebba. Hier finden Sie Tipps und Tricks - alles rund um das Thema Links. As Siegel recounts, Kaufman raced through the public schools of New York City. Rather than join the many Jewish students at City College, Kaufman picked up his undergraduate and graduate degrees at Fordham. The Rosenbergs lawyer Emanuel Bloch with Robert and Michael outside Sing Sing prison in New York state in 1953. ith their extended family still unwilling to look after them (People later said to me, A Jewish family and no family members took in the kids? [65], The Rosenbergs' two sons, Michael and Robert, spent years trying to prove the innocence of their parents. I think he was spinning: he wasnt an atomic spy, like they said, but he was a spy, so it wasnt the whole truth. On 19 June, Ethel and Julius wrote their last letter to their children: We wish we might have had the tremendous joy and gratification of living our lives out with you She gave up activism when her children were born. In 1939, he graduated with a degree in electrical engineering. Fuchs identified his courier as American Harry Gold, who was arrested on May 23, 1950. Ethel has long been portrayed as a cold woman, one who, as Kaufman said in his sentencing, loved communism more than her children. I ask how he feels when he looks back at his fathers letters from prison, in which he insisted he was innocent. It soon didnt matter, because in 1973 the local media unmasked them, ignoring their pleas to retain their anonymity. In 1995, the U.S. government released a series of decoded Soviet cables, codenamed VENONA, which confirmed that Julius acted as a courier and recruiter for the Soviets but which were ambiguous about Ethel's involvement (Roberts). Nearly two months before Truman appointed Kaufman to the federal district court in 1949, the Soviet Union detonated its first atomic bomb. The Rosenbergs were named in them. Finally, Siegel notes, the judges pursuit of justice combined with his feverishly active personality, unable to rest until [his] wish became fact. Judicial restraint was something of an oxymoron for Kaufman. Kaufman longed to be a federal judge. In 2021 Ethel's sons restarted the campaign to pardon Ethel, as they were more optimistic that President Biden will consider this favorably. Sebbas theory strikes me as more likely: I think she just had other concerns: she was looking after her children and trying to be present for them. Patient, methodical Robert, 74, a former lawyer, considers every word carefully. In those days, that wasnt the thought process. This critique of Kaufman is familiar to scholars of the Rosenberg trial. Was ist ein Link [74], Michael's daughter, Ivy Meeropol, directed a 2004 documentary about her grandparents, Heir to an Execution, which was featured at the Sundance Film Festival. They constantly question their own memories of the past. She replied, "Yes, I wrote [the information] down on a piece of paper and [Julius Rosenberg] took it with him." A month later, Ethel was seized by the FBI and charged. Gordon Dean, the chairman of the Atomic Energy Commission, said: "It looks as though Rosenberg is the kingpin of a very large ring, and if there is any way of breaking him by having the shadow of a death penalty over him, we want to do it." 3. [11], Rosenberg provided thousands of classified reports from Emerson Radio, including a complete proximity fuse. They were persuaded to change their original stories. [1][2][3][4], Other convicted co-conspirators were sentenced to prison, including Ethel's brother, David Greenglass (who had made a plea agreement), Harry Gold, and Morton Sobell. She told me it was down to three things, Sebba says. "You sat the Rosenbergs in the electric chair for nothing", he said. But memories of their parents were always there. "My wife is more important to me than my sister. They could finally grow up in anonymity among loving people who told them their parents had been brave and admirable. Warum sollten Marketing- und Werbeleistungen nicht auch online abrufbar sein wie bei einem Shop? [60], In 1995, the U.S. government made public many documents decoded by the Venona project, showing Julius Rosenberg's role as part of a productive ring of spies. Wenn man auf den Link drauf Klickt, zeigt der Link weitere Informationen oder neue Webseiten zu einem bestimmten Thema oder einem Herdausstechendem Stichwort. Kaufman returned to private practice in 1940, this time at a small law firm where his clients included Samuel S.I. Newhouse, who built a publishing empire, and Milton Berle, the comedian. Siegels biography also is a sobering reminder, in the era of ideology, that judges are human. These were his friends! In reality, as Sebba reveals in her book, she was a particularly devoted mother, with a progressive interest in child psychology. . None of those accused of stealing atomic secrets had any training in physics or any other field that would allow them to understand the workings of the Manhattan Project. [58] According to Alexander Feklisov, the former Soviet agent who was Julius's contact, the Rosenbergs did not provide the Soviet Union with any useful material about the atomic bomb: "He [Julius] didn't understand anything about the atomic bomb and he couldn't help us. After the sentencing hearing, Kaufman told reporters that he had visited his synagogue several times during the prior week seeking spiritual guidance. Ethel didnt work and Julius wasnt an atomic spy, he was a military-industrial spy, he says, meaning that although Julius passed on details of weapons, he wasnt passing on details about the atomic bomb. 32), executed by the federal government of the United States, National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics, U.S. District Court for the Southern District of New York, National Committee to Secure Justice in the Rosenberg Case, Deputy Attorney General of the United States, Capital punishment by the United States federal government, List of people executed by the United States federal government, "What the K.G.B. WebOn June 19, 1953, a middle-class, middle-aged couple, Ethel and Julius Rosenberg, were executed as spies. His first job was in private practice with an attorney named Louis Rosenberg, no relation to the couple who would be convicted of espionage two decades later. Kaufman justified the assignment because he had just tried a case involving two defendants investigated for industrial espionage on behalf of the Soviet Union; he was familiar with the issues and two of the witnesses who would testify in Rosenberg and, therefore, would not have to learn everything from the beginning, according to Cohn. Fr den redaktionellen Aufbau unsere webseiten suchen wir freie Redakteure, die fachspezifisch Ihr know how zum Thema Links online zur Verfgung stellen mchten. Among other things, Kaufman wrote decisions that vindicated criminal defendants constitutional rights, updated the insanity defense, reformed prisons, upheld the rights of conscientious objectors drafted to serve in the Vietnam War, protected John Lennon from deportation, and opened the federal courts to claims of human rights violations by foreign torturers. Give Bomb Data to Soviet Is Laid to His Sister Here", "Julius Rosenberg and Ethel Rosenberg (American spies) Britannica Online Encyclopedia", "Judge Kaufman's Sentencing Statement in the Rosenberg Case", "The trial of Ethel and Julius Rosenberg", "Nashville now and then: A lawyer's last gamble", "Funeral Tributes To Rosenbergs: Execution Denounced", "Never Losing Faith for Julius and Ethel Rosenberg", "False testimony clinched Rosenberg spy trial", "50 years later, Rosenberg execution is still fresh", "Khrushchev on Rosenbergs: Stoking Old Embers", "K.G.B. Kaufman then joined the U.S. Attorneys office, married his former bosss daughter, and distinguished himself prosecuting fraud cases. Through interviews and access to family files, photos, and correspondence, Siegel also describes Kaufmans private life, providing a portrait of the man beneath the robe. Julius and Ethel Rosenberg. She originally was an aspiring actress and singer, but eventually took a secretarial job at a shipping company. As Kaufman neared the end of his career, he was said to be fixated on how his obituary in The New York Times would readthat he would be remembered as the judge in Rosenberg. ", "Plot to Have G.I. Venona Project and Recent Evidence During the 1940s, the U. S. Army Signal Intelligence Service (SIS) conducted the Venona [The government] took a small-fry spy and framed him to be an atomic spy, is Michaels take on his father. [25], On August 11, Ethel Rosenberg testified before a grand jury. "Thanks to information provided by their agents", Moynihan wrote in his book Secrecy, "they did it in four". Only three and seven when their parents were arrested, six and 10 when they were killed, they are now grandfathers with grey beards and known as Michael and Robert Meeropol, having long ago taken the surname of the couple who adopted them after the US government orphaned them. So now hes going to turn around and say, OK, Im going to save my wife by ratting out my friends? No! He flattered publisher Punch Sulzberger and executive editor A. M. Rosenthal while pressing its reporters for coverage. However, even this summary is complicated by the fact that, as they admitted decades after the trial, David Greenglass and his wife Ruth lied about Ethel typing up Davids notes for Julius. die Anworten! We are all talking by video chat, and when I ask where Robert is, he replies that hes at home in Massachusetts, in a town 90 miles west of Boston and 150 miles north-east of New York City. [48], On June 19, 1953, Julius died after the first electric shock. [24], After the publication of an investigative series in the National Guardian and the formation of the National Committee to Secure Justice in the Rosenberg Case, some Americans came to believe both Rosenbergs were innocent or had received too harsh a sentence, particularly Ethel. Only a Michael has made peace with the revelation that his father was a spy. Ethel, he said, had nothing to do with this, she was completely innocent. They continue to campaign for Ethel to be posthumously legally exonerated. Angebote und Ansprechpartner finden Sie bei suche-profi.de unter der jeweiligen fachspezifischen Profi Rubik. Kaufmans life was a classic twentieth-century American success story. PROSE: Well, one of the things that haunted me and haunts my narrator Simon all the way through the novel are the last words that Ethel Rosenberg sent to her lawyer. [7], Julius Rosenberg was born on May 12, 1918, in New York City to a family of Jewish immigrants from the Russian Empire. I believe that Ethel thought her life without Julius would have been valueless because her sons would never have respected her, because she would have had to make some kind of confession and name names.. [12] Perl supplied Feklisov, under Rosenberg's direction, with thousands of documents from the National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics, including a complete set of design and production drawings for Lockheed's P-80 Shooting Star, the first U.S. operational jet fighter. After Semyonov was recalled to Moscow in 1944 his duties were taken over by Feklisov. Be comforted that even now, with the end of ours slowly approaching, that we know this with a conviction that defeats the executioner! Abel Meeropol was. Documents relating to the Julius and Ethel Rosenberg Case, Dwight D. Eisenhower Presidential Library, A statement by the Rosenberg's sons in support of their exoneration, An Interview with Robert Meeropol about the adoption, National Committee to Reopen the Rosenberg Case, Annotated bibliography for Ethel Rosenberg from the Alsos Digital Library for Nuclear Issues, Annotated bibliography for Julius Rosenberg from the Alsos Digital Library for Nuclear Issues, The Cold War International History Project (CWIHP), Rosenberg Son: "My Parents Were Executed Under the Unconstitutional Espionage Act", History on Trial: The Rosenberg Case in E.L. Doctorow's, Julius Rosenberg at court sentenced to death, The WSWS speaks to Julius and Ethel Rosenbergs son An interview with Robert Meeropol, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Julius_and_Ethel_Rosenberg&oldid=1151973397, American people convicted of spying for the Soviet Union, Pages containing links to subscription-only content, Short description is different from Wikidata, Articles with unsourced statements from September 2021, Articles with failed verification from November 2022, Articles with French-language sources (fr), Wikipedia external links cleanup from October 2020, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 3.0, Images of the Rosenbergs are engraved on a memorial in, The execution is explored in great detail and serves as the premise of, Clune, Lori. In May 1951, Pablo Picasso wrote for the communist French newspaper L'Humanit, "The hours count. WebOn August 11, Ethel Rosenberg testified before a grand jury. With their extended family still unwilling to look after them (People later said to me, A Jewish family and no family members took in the kids? Only three and seven when their parents were arrested, six and 10 when they were killed, they are now grandfathers with grey beards and known as Michael and Robert Meeropol, having long ago taken the surname of the couple who adopted them after the US government orphaned them. At the sentencing hearing, Kaufman cast himself as a thoughtful, solitary judge wrestling not just with the defendants fates but the course of recent history as well. Kaufmans biography begins with an American tale: the immigration of his parents, Tzvi and Rachel, from Galicia to, ultimately, the United States in 1903. After Ethel was killed, the then deputy attorney general William Rogers said, She called our bluff.. Easthampton, MA 01027info@rfc.org [27], The trial of the Rosenbergs and Sobell on federal espionage charges began on March 6, 1951, in the U.S. District Court for the Southern District of New York. Fuchss disclosures helped federal investigators unravel Rosenbergs spy ring in the United States. When their parents were arrested, Michael, always a challenging child (Thats putting it kindly, he says), acted out even more, whereas Robert withdrew into himself. Timeline of Events Relating to the Rosenberg Trial. Siegel was one of Kaufmans last law clerks, starting in 1991 and serving until the judges death in February 1992. Wer sich registriert ist ein Profi! Sie knnen gut mit Wordpress umgehen und haben Freude am Schreiben? He stated, "I would not sacrifice my wife and my children for my sister. However, his wife, Ruth, said that Ethel had typed up the information David had given Julius to pass on to the Soviets. If Ethel did think this, she might have been right. The US government offered to spare the lives of both Julius and Ethel if Julius provided the names of other spies and they admitted their guilt. When he became a federal judge in 1949, Kaufman seemed to embody a quintessential American success story. . Ethel, at Julius's request, had taken his notes and "typed them up." The son of immigrants, Kaufman strived and prospered, securing a prestigious appointment to the federal judiciary in 1949 before turning 40. tel: (413) 529-0063. His parents worked in the shops of the Lower East Side as Julius attended Seward Park High School. The Rosenbergs are still the only Americans ever put to death in peacetime for espionage, and Ethel is the only American woman killed by the US government for a crime other than murder. But he and Robert repeatedly emphasise that their uncle Davids claim that he gave Julius atomic information in September 1945 is extremely dubious. so wie Sie es von einem Shop gewhnt sind. A campaign was started to try to prevent the couple's execution. In 2008, the National Archives of the United States published most of the grand jury testimony related to the prosecution of the Rosenbergs. [28][29] The prosecution's primary witness, David Greenglass, said that he turned over to Julius Rosenberg a sketch of the cross-section of an implosion-type atom bomb. um das herauszufinden haben wir hier ein paar wichtige Informationen zu dem Thema zusammen gefasst. Her death was so brutal that eyewitnesses reported that smoke rose out of her head. So why didnt Julius save Ethel? In 1947, Clark appointed Kaufman a special assistant in the Justice Department, where he worked on tightening and enforcing federal lobbying laws. [8], Ethel Greenglass was born on September 28, 1915, to a Jewish family in Manhattan, New York City. But for the serendipity of Ethels younger brother, David Greenglass, being assigned to work as a machinist at Los Alamos, the New Mexico laboratory where the United States developed the atomic bomb, neither Julius nor Ethel ever would have been charged with a capital crime. His wife Helen, described by one former law clerk as warm, forthright, unpretentious . Foremost for any biographer, Siegel examines Kaufmans conduct in the Rosenberg case. All Ethel could do was write letters to her lawyer, Manny Bloch, desperately laying out her parenting theories in the hope they would somehow be followed (One cannot behave inconsistently with children ) For the sake of the boys, she always maintained a happy front when they visited. How on earth did they triumph over such a traumatic childhood? [52][53][54], Senator Daniel Patrick Moynihan, vice-chairman of the Senate Select Committee on Intelligence, investigated how much the Soviet spy ring helped the USSR to build their bomb. Ethel was executed at Sing Sing Prison in Ossining, New York, on June 19, 1953, just minutes after her husband was put to death. Do not let this crime against humanity take place. In Tony Kushners play Angels In America, Ethel haunts Cohn. On June 19, 1953, hours before their execution, Ethel and Julius Rosenberg wrote one final letter to their two young sons: Michael, age 10 and Robby, age six. Myles Lane, a member of the prosecution team, said that the case against Ethel Rosenberg was "not too strong", but that it was "very important that she be convicted too, and given a stiff sentence. und haben stets mehr Zeit fr Ihren Kunden! Nevertheless, she was charged because, in the words of FBI Director Hoover, proceedings against [Juliuss] wife will serve as a lever to get him to talk. Convicted of espionage in 1951, they were executed by the federal government of the United States in 1953 at Sing Sing Correctional Facility in Ossining, New York, becoming the first American civilians to be executed for such charges and the first to receive that penalty during peacetime. Viele Fragen und fr alles gibt es hier [71], In 2009, extensive notes collected from KGB archives were made public in a book published by Yale University Press: Spies: The Rise and Fall of the KGB in America, written by John Earl Haynes, Harvey Klehr, and Alexander Vassiliev; Vassiliev's notebooks included KGB comments concerning Julius and Ethel Rosenberg. Given his experience, Siegel argues, Kaufman was devoid of sympathy for those who had betrayed the United States. June 9, 2021 12:48 PM EDT O n June 19, 1953, Ethel Rosenberg was electrocuted, having been found guilty of conspiracy to commit espionage on behalf of Ethel, who once aspired to be an actress, worked as a secretary. While Julius had a close relationship with his mother, Sophie, Ethel and her mother, Tessie, had a difficult one. My wife is my wife. Robert and Michael are optimistic that President Biden will look favourably at their campaign to exonerate their mother, Ethel Rosenberg. Yes, I would like to receive emails from Washington Monthly. [22], Twenty senior government officials met secretly on February 8, 1950, to discuss the Rosenberg case. In total, its a disturbing portrait. Here: Ethel and Julius Rosenberg in 1951. [49], The funeral services were held in Brooklyn on June 21. [75], Their sons' current position is that Julius was legally guilty of the conspiracy charge, though not of atomic spying, while Ethel was only generally aware of his activities. The Final Letter From the Rosenbergs to Their Children - Fam Are they close to a breakthrough? His tenure on the federal bench is a reminder of what the federal judiciary can accomplish as a coordinate branch of government. Can their sons reveal the truth? The FBI believed that Julius was a kingpin who recruited Americans to spy against their own country, and that he had used David to pass on secrets of the atomic bomb to the Russians. the Communist aggression in Korea. The former contention was debatable, the latter hyperbolic. By the time Julius was arrested, America was in a red panic. It gives us a great sense of pride to be aligned with such a noble and vital organization. After she was given three electric shocks, attendants removed the strapping only to have doctors determine that Ethel's heart was still beating. Moynihan found that in 1945, physicist Hans Bethe estimated that the Soviets would be able to build their own bomb in five years. [16], In January 1950, the U.S. discovered that Klaus Fuchs, a German refugee theoretical physicist working for the British mission in the Manhattan Project, had given key documents to the Soviets throughout the war. They took assumed names and he tried to figure out a way to reach Europe without a passport. [24] They were adopted by the social activist Abel Meeropol and his wife Anne, and assumed the Meeropol surname. As Robbys daughter Jenny said to me, there is a positive to not thinking of our family as hapless victims. But is that true, or just a nephew who wants to expose the people who lied about my parents? he asks. But the Meeropols got their revenge: in 2019, Michaels daughter, Ivy, made a documentary about Cohn, in which Michael features, called Bully Coward Victim, in which she made the connection between her grandparents execution and Trump. Unlike many others, they stuck with it after the Soviet Union and Germany signed the Molotov-Ribbentrop non-aggression pact, ostensibly, if not officially, allying the countries. Then theres the question that baffled officials at the time, and has become the defining mystery about her: why did Ethel choose to stay silent and die with Julius, over staying with her children? Sie sind Link-Profi? [72], The notebooks make clear that the KGB considered Julius Rosenberg an effective agent and his wife Ethel a supporter of his work. I mean, I dont sleep with my sister, you know. He added, I frankly think my wife did the typing, but I dont remember. It is possible that Ethel helped to recruit Ruth and David, but they needed little encouragement. In handcuffs and bound for separate cells, Ethel and Julius Rosenberg share a final kiss in a prison van outside court after their arrest in New York in 1950. Photograph: Bettmann Archive/Getty Images David worked as a machinist for 18 months at the Los Alamos atomic weapons laboratory. While Siegel does not excuse or apologize for Kaufmans misconduct in Rosenberg, he puts the judges actions in a biographical and political context. EL Doctorows 1971 novel, The Book Of Daniel, the Molotov-Ribbentrop non-aggression pact, a songwriter whose biggest hit was Strange Fruit, original mentor was none other than Roy Cohn. I wonder if theres a little voice in the back of my head thats saying, You know, Julius, you really shouldnt have done it, because you had kids, he says with some effort. Dann legen Sie doch einfach los: DADDY AND MOMMY First, given that she was a true believer in communism, why didnt she join her husband, brother and sister-in-law in spying? Robert says that when he thinks of his family before his parents were arrested he has, this feeling of a golden age, of a wonderful loving family before it was ripped apart. At first, of course, you will grieve bitterly for us, but you will not grieve alone. They were the only American civilians executed for espionage during the Cold War. [19], Another conspirator, Morton Sobell, fled with his family to Mexico City after Greenglass was arrested. Ethel was convicted, and her conviction was upheld, on the basis of false testimony. He said they had urged the death sentence for Ethel in an effort to extract a full confession from Julius. Initiated when the Soviet Union was an ally of the U.S., the program continued during the Cold War when it was considered an enemy. Hoover, aware of the tenuousness of the case against Ethel, and how it would look if America executed a young mother, urged against the death sentence for her, but Cohn argued for it and won. Delivery charges may apply. Jetzt kann sich jeder Interessent seine angeforderten Leistungen nach und nach in den Warenkorb packen David and Ruth Greenglass were also sufficiently productive as spies to be given codenames Calibre and Wasp. It is a bitter, rainy spring day when I interview the Rosenbergs sons. It felt, Robert says, as if Cohn had won again, and they knew there was no point in asking Trump, of all presidents, to exonerate their mother. The children say that their father did not deserve the death penalty and that their mother was wrongly convicted. Click to share on Twitter (Opens in new window), Click to share on Facebook (Opens in new window), Martin J. Siegel's new biography "Judgment and Mercy: The Life and Turbulent Times of the Judge Who Condemned the Rosenbergs" explores the life of Irving R. Kaufman. At the start of his legal career in 1932, Kaufman changed his first name to Irving and gave himself a middle name, Robert. Kaufman departed in the summer of 1948, and a year later, the President appointed the 39-year-old Kaufman to the Southern District of New York. Supporting the Children of Resistance Since 1990. I think it would have been very, very hard, he says eventually. These were messages sent between Soviet intelligence agencies that had been intercepted and decrypted by US counterintelligence from 1943 to 1980. The prosecutors, who included Roy Cohn, obtained the couples conviction through the testimony of Ethels younger brother, David Greenglass. But when she was arrested, all the aspirations she had harboured for giving her boys the kind of happy childhood that had been denied to her imploded spectacularly. Ethel was killed for being a wife. He said the Soviets had developed their own bomb by trial and error. Ethel and Juliuss sons Robert, left, and Michael Meeropol, who took their adoptive parents surname. Ethel's brother says he trumped up evidence. [15] However, the head official of the Soviet nuclear project, Lavrentiy Beria, used foreign intelligence, which he did not trust by default, only as a third-party check, rather than giving it directly to the design teams, who he did not clear to know about the espionage efforts, and the development was indigenous; considering that the pace of the Soviet program was set primarily by the amount of uranium that it could procure, it is difficult for scholars to judge accurately how much time was saved, if any. "[51], The Rosenbergs were the only American civilians executed for espionage during the Cold War. I believe your conduct in putting into the hands of the Russians the A-bomb years before our best scientists predicted Russia would perfect the bomb has already caused, in my opinion, the Communist aggression in Korea, with the resultant casualties exceeding 50,000 and who knows but that millions more of innocent people may pay the price of your treason. In her re-interview, Ruth Greenglass expanded on her husband's version: Julius then took the info into the bathroom and read it and when he came out he called Ethel and told her she had to type this information immediately Ethel then sat down at the typewriter which she placed on a bridge table in the living room and proceeded to type the information that David had given to Julius. Debate continues to this day as to how guilty they were, of what, and what punishment their actions deserved. Oben in der schwarzen Menleiste finden Sie alle Fachbereiche aufgelistet. She was guilty of supporting her husband, Anne Sebba, author of Ethel Rosenberg: A Cold War Tragedy, tells me. He said that he and Julius had been spies together, and confirmed that Julius had not helped the Russians build the bomb. Kaufman lobbied to try the case, exercised his discretion at times to support the government at trial, and sentenced Ethel Rosenberg to die even though her role in the conspiracy was minor. She was the mastermind of this whole conspiracy, assistant prosecutor Roy Cohn told the judge. In a draft of written remarks addressed to friends, Kaufman commented, My dream came true and sounded a patriotic note: This can only happen in America.. Politically, the trial occurred during the Korean War, when it would have been challenging for any judge to resist the pressure to harshly sentence defendants charged with and convicted of conspiring to share atomic secrets with the Soviet Union.

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